Which of the following may indicate a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?

The presence of fever, pain, swelling, or signs of inflammation is indicative of a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). These symptoms are critical as they often suggest that the body is responding to an infection. Fever can be a common response to infection as the body attempts to fight off pathogens, while pain, swelling, and inflammation are localized signs that indicate the presence of infection in a particular area.

In a healthcare setting, patients may be more susceptible to infections due to various factors such as invasive procedures, prolonged hospital stays, or compromised immune systems. Recognizing these specific signs helps healthcare professionals in identifying and diagnosing HAIs early, enabling timely treatment and improving patient outcomes.

The other options listed may relate to various medical conditions but are not definitive indicators of HAIs. Aching muscles and headaches can be associated with numerous illnesses, including viral infections or other non-infectious conditions. Coughing, while it can indicate an infection, is too general and could relate to many respiratory issues, not specifically pointing to an HAI without additional context or symptoms.